3, of the Constitution of the United States; that the Act violates the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States was a major challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 515. x�c``b``�d`d`d�c@ >�+3B���2-���]-#���骪�U�����?�� �������ܻ�-LR�d��u{d|������t�옲vFsl����UQC��G�NՋ�z"E$�c�}�`^� 6�(��`�� ���d���I�%�SA�A�������M`_�v���Aθ�P õ]z Case Summary of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States: A large motel in Atlanta refused to serve African Americans. The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans. 515. <> 0000006535 00000 n 958 0 obj Facts: The hotel had 216 rooms and was located within ready access to two interstate highways. His three 1964 civil rights opinions, Anderson v. Martin, Heart of Alabama Motel, Inc. v. United States, and Hamm v. Rock Hill, provided the foundation for many subsequent civil rights legal battles. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v.United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. As a result of their actions congress enacted the “Civil Rights Act of 1964”, which made it illegal for motels, hotels to discriminate guests based on their race. This issue was also brought up in the 1880s, throughout the Civil Rights cases. Civil rights are a person's individual rights set by law. “That Congress was legislating against moral wrongs...rendered its enactments no less valid.” Furthermore, “if it is interstate commerce that feels the pinch, it does not matter how local the operation that applies the squeeze.” Thus, the commerce power encompasses the regulation of local activities that have an affect on interstate commerce. *AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse this web site. Which of the following is most similar to the ruling in United States v. Alfonso Lopez? <> 21 terms. The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans and was charged with violating Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Amendments Quizlet Federalism Quizlet Concept Review. stream 3. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States depended on whether the government was able to rule discrimination, by private businesses, a crime. Supreme Court Cases Morgan Clark Mrs. Smith 24 January 2012 Name of Case: Heart of Atlanta Motel v US, 1964 History/Background Information: The Civil Rights Act, specifically Title II (1964), forbade places of public accommodation to discriminate based on sex, gender, race, religion, etc. 972 0 obj Decades of discrimination led to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. 956 0 obj Which of the following is most similar to the ruling in United States v. Alfonso Lopez? endobj AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more! Believing that these cases are controlled by our decisions in United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), United States v. 379 U.S. 241. Ohio was the right decision. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States depended on whether the government was able to rule discrimination, by private businesses, a crime. < ]/Size 975/Prev 1488792>> While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. 1942) Joseph Rucker Lamar (1857-1916) Public-Opinion Polling. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, (1964). Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States depended on whether the government was able to rule discrimination, by private businesses, a crime. Heart of Atlanta v.United States Heart of Atlanta v.United States (1964) - Any business that was participating in interstate commerce would be required to follow all rules of the federal civil rights legislation. 1749-1804) Worcester v… 20 terms. 348, 13 L.Ed.2d 258, Web 1964 U.S. Lexis 2187 (Supreme Court of the United States) Critical Legal Thinking Questions 1. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) C. United States. 0000001772 00000 n 957 0 obj Even if they did, the operation of a motel is purely local in character, and thus does not affect interstate commerce. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States depended on whether the government was able to rule discrimination, by private businesses, a crime. ∆ Argument: Discrimination by hotels has a significant effect on interstate commerce by deterring African Americans to travel. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States was a major challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act had outlawed public discrimination, but the Motel was being choosy about their guests. Held. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States. %%EOF 0 Sign In Sign Up for Free Sign Up AP Gov Cases (Unit 3) View full resource. 0000001576 00000 n 969 0 obj Decided December 14, 1964 . 0000002067 00000 n Decades of discrimination led to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. endobj American Government. A. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) B. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States is especially prevalent when considering its direct impact on upholding the Civil Rights Act of 11 … The owner-operator of the motel brought a declaratory relief action in U.S. district court, Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, to have the Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared unconstitutional. 1749-1804) Worcester v… Parties involved: United States and Heart of Atlanta Motel (GA) 4. nicole_cunius48. This issue was also brought up in the 1880s, throughout the Civil Rights cases. The court then listed several examples of factual scenarios where the Congress had legitimately exercised the commerce power to police activities which were both immoral and had an adverse affect on interstate commerce. Coenen, Dan T. "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)." Why was this case so important? Question. 6. AP Government 4A Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States was a court case in which the Heart of Atlanta Motel was denying African Americans admittance into the Motel based on their race. 3. <> 2. endobj Unit 5 Level E Sentences. It advertised in national media, and was a center for conventions of out of state guests. endobj The government sought to enjoin the motel from discriminating on the basis of race under Title II. Heart of Atlanta Motel, 379 U.S. at 261. 0000001965 00000 n <> More in Government & Politics. Argued October 5, 1964. In the case of “Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Heart of Atlanta Motel v.United States” involved the heart of Atlanta motel which is located in the state of Georgia whom refused to rent rooms to blacks. Prior to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the Act), the Appellant, Heart Atlanta Motel, Inc. (Appellant) operated a motel which refused accommodations to blacks. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States Facts of the Case In 1964, owners of a motel in Atlanta, Ga that had previously only rented out rooms to white people filed a suit against the government. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits racial discrimination in places of public accommodation; The motel owner challenged the Civil Rights Act in Federal District Court, and the Government counterclaimed, seeking to enforce the Act against the motel. trailer When and where: October-December 1964; Atlanta, GA 5. . Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Thus, the Act passed the test of “commerce which concerns more States than one,” and discrimination had a substantial relation to the national interest. *Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US (1964) ... *United States v. Lopez ( 1995) Revival of federalism: Congress may not proscribe the carrying of guns in a school zone *Printz v. United States (1997) Congress may not require state or local officials to fulfill the Federal government's statutory obligations, local officials can't carry out gun background checks. Syllabus. <> More in Government & Politics. henrybfreeman17. No. Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 85 S.Ct. Dylan_Latham4. 959 0 obj Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) C. United States. endobj Background. Marvin Griffin (1907-1982) George Walton (ca. Vocabulary . It advertised in national media, and was a center for conventions of out of state guests. Decades of discrimination led to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. 8. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. In School District of Abington v. Schempp (1963), Clark wrote the majority opinion that prohibited the reading of the Bible in public schools. Heart of Atlanta v. US (1964) 379 US 241 2. Is most commerce considered ?interstate commerce? 954 0 obj The battle of a dozen parents vs.the separate but equal clause is a story that has been told in classrooms across the country. Fort Stewart. 954 21 The hotel refused to rent rooms to African Americans. In the first of these two cases the Heart of Atlanta Motel, a large motel in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, appeals from an order of a three-judge United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia enjoining it from continuing to violate Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 19641 by refusing to accept Negroes as lodgers solely because of their race. 0 endobj endobj The Civil Rights act of 1964 made racial discrimination in public places, including hotels, illegal. henrybfreeman17. The owners of the motel filed suit against the government in federal court under that the premise that the Act exceeded Commerce Clause powers. v. Morrison (2000) D. Wickard v. Filburn (1942) And the answers are This issue was also brought up in the 1880s, throughout the Civil Rights cases. Open Records Act. 0000001393 00000 n D. The Supreme Court limited the power of the federal government under the Commerce Clause. 0iW��y��. Moreover, the Heart of Atlanta Motel had 216 rooms accessible to transient visitors and had verifiably leased rooms just to white visitors. Marvin Griffin (1907-1982) George Walton (ca. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. Did Congress, in passing Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, exceed its Commerce Clause powers by depriving places of public accommodation of the right to choose their own customers? 0000002582 00000 n Fiscal Federalism: Fiscal Federalism 2: Unit 2 Review Material. Blog. henrybfreeman17. 9 terms. 3. endstream amend. 0000002616 00000 n <>/ProcSet 969 0 R/XObject 970 0 R>>/Type/Page>> 961 0 obj Heart of Atlanta v. US (1964) 379 US 241 2. when their business affected commerce. This is a complaint filed by Heart of Atlanta Motel, a large downtown motel in the city of Atlanta, regularly catering to out of state guests, praying for a declaratory judgment and injunction to prevent the Attorney General of the United States from exercising powers granted to him under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.A. Open Records Act. Tips to elevate your hybrid or virtual sales strategy; March 12, 2021. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, (1964). <> Web. Background Information: Congress passed Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act which made it made it illegal for a place of public accommodation to segregate based on race. We hope your visit has been a productive one. Unit 5 level E synonyms. <> Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US a. Video conference trends for 2021; March 12, 2021. So it makes it hard to… Skip to content Skip to menu. endobj [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageI /ImageC] 971 0 obj 5. “The determinative test of the exercise of power by the Congress under the Commerce Clause is simply whether the activity sought to be regulated is ‘commerce which concerns more States than one’ and has a real and substantial relation to the national interest.”. xref Mechanical … Case Summary of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States: A large motel in Atlanta refused to serve African Americans. D. The Supreme Court limited the power of the federal government under the Commerce Clause. In the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power under the commerce clause to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Influence of a decision By: Steven S. Barton Brown v. Board has been described as one of the most influential supreme court cases in history. endobj - Government Documents ... Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States et al. taylorz6. endobj <> 05 May 2021. If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form. When and where: October-December 1964; Atlanta, GA 5. . No. The owner-operator of the motel brought a declaratory relief action in U.S. district court, Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, to have the Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared unconstitutional. 2d 258, 1964 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. The plaintiff argued that Congress, in passing the act, had exceeded its powers to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. endobj 11 … 3. b. �¯u�=5�U���$���˶Yo_��4_������S�5��4>k�e���q;��ͷ׻�>�0�H�J�8K�FMS��u�J9(5K�a���NN`���&Tfͧ��w���뷧���LT������aa������ؑ.� Notes or outlines for Government in America 10ed??? New Georgia Encyclopedia. ATLANTA MOTEL v. UNITED STATES. 4. List of the six cases needed to know for Unit 3 of AP Government. The District Court upheld the Act, and the Hotel appealed. The Thirteenth Amendment states: Neither slavery nor invo- luntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Parties involved: United States and Heart of Atlanta Motel (GA) 4. 379 U.S. 241. The United States argued that the restrictions were related to interstate travel, and therefore could be regulated under the Commerce Clause. iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES – Continued Page Horne v. Department of Agriculture, 576 U.S. 351 (2015) ..... 4, 8, 23, 25 Issue: Whether application of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to a motel which serves interstate customers is within the constitutional power of Congress under the Commerce Clause. Prior to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the Act), the Appellant, Heart Atlanta Motel, Inc. (Appellant) operated a motel which refused accommodations to blacks. Readings . The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans and was charged with violating Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Majority Reasoning: There is ample evidence in the Congressional record that discrimination by places of public accommodation impair African-Americans’ ability to travel, thus affecting interstate commerce. 964 0 obj Civil rights are a person's individual rights set by law. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits racial discrimination in places of public accommodation; The motel owner challenged the Civil Rights Act in Federal District Court, and the Government counterclaimed, seeking to enforce the Act against the motel. More from the Web. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v.United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. ∏ Argument: Congress did not have the power to legislate against moral wrongs under the guise of the Commerce Power. 0000000023 00000 n In the first of these two cases the Heart of Atlanta Motel, a large motel in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, appeals from an order of a three-judge United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia enjoining it from continuing to violate Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 19641 by refusing to accept Negroes as lodgers solely because of their race. As a result of their actions congress enacted the “Civil Rights Act of 1964”, which made it illegal for motels, hotels to discriminate guests based on their race. 3. 2. The hotel argued that Congress did not have the power to pass the law under the Commerce Clause. 968 0 obj endobj The owner-operator of the motel brought a declaratory relief action in U.S. district court, Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, to have the Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared unconstitutional. endobj 963 0 obj For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums. test? Exam 3- Heart of Atlanta Motel V US. <> Did Congress, in passing Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, exceed its Commerce Clause powers by depriving places of public accommodation of the right to choose their own customers? The plaintiff argued that Congress, in passing the act, had exceeded its powers to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Citation379 U.S. 241, 85 S. Ct. 348, 13 L. Ed. Tips to elevate your hybrid or virtual sales strategy; March 12, 2021. 970 0 obj March 15, 2021. I, 8, cl. when their business affected commerce. endobj The hotel refused to rent rooms to African Americans. 08 June 2017. An Atlanta hotel refused to serve black customers. <> Heart of Atlanta Motel V. United States & Loving V… 10 terms. Blog. What textbooks/resources are we missing for US Gov and Politics. 0000001080 00000 n Syllabus. Did Congress, in passing Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, exceed its Commerce Clause powers by depriving places of public accommodation of the right to choose their own customers? Holding: Yes. <> 0000002250 00000 n US Lexi Beckett, Jasmyn Greene, Grace Frye, Karley Thompson John Strawn Background Background Heart of Atlanta Motel United states Argued- October 5th, 1964 Decided- December 14th, 1964 The motel refused to accept Black Americans Location- Atlanta, Land ���(�"zZ�}w��"�]�����q���5(dI8ɫ=��SdG"��������y f_�m7�K)�n�58Fշ��c�e��U�ED(!�#�ȶ:lFk�$�qk,�*���J�>��z��3B.D��8$D�@�N��u���K��χ(��8�M���5к b���. <> [972 0 R] The plaintiff argued that Congress, in passing the act, had exceeded its powers to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Civil rights are a person's individual rights set by law. The owner-operator of the motel brought a declaratory relief action in U.S. district court, Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, to have the Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared unconstitutional. Fort Stewart. 2.3 Federalism Reading Fiscal and Regulatory Federalism Videos. § 1971, as amended. 0000001672 00000 n Heart of Atlanta Motel V. United States. The appellant contends that Congress in passing this Act exceeded its power to regulate commerce under Art. 0000002343 00000 n HEART OF ATLANTA MOTEL, INC. v. UNITED ... §§ 201 (a), (b) (1) and (c) (1), the provisions attacked, and on ap-pellees' counterclaim permanently enjoined appellant from refusing to accommodate Negro guests for racial reasons. 0000001483 00000 n Did Congress, in passing Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, exceed its Commerce Clause powers by depriving places of public accommodation of the right to choose their own customers? 960 0 obj If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you. 967 0 obj Civil rights are a person's individual rights set by law. endobj The trial court agreed with the US government and requested the Plaintiff to serve African Americans. New Georgia Encyclopedia. The Heart of Atlanta Motel filed suit in federal district court seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive relief with regard to the application of the Civil Rights Act to motel accommodations. v. Morrison (2000) D. Wickard v. Filburn (1942) And the answers are <> In the case of “Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Heart of Atlanta Motel v.United States” involved the heart of Atlanta motel which is located in the state of Georgia whom refused to rent rooms to blacks. Argued October 5, 1964. 974 0 obj Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States. Conclusion. This case was argued with No. 3. Constitutional Question: When Congress passed Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights act, did they abuse their commerce clause powers by preventing establishments to choose their customers? Concurrent, Federal, and State Powers Quizlet; Multiple Choice. 0000002159 00000 n OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. Unit 5 Level E. 20 terms. startxref Question. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? Although one of the main reasons behind the ratification of the 14th Amendment was to rid United States of public discrimination. 08 June 2017. The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans. 1942) Joseph Rucker Lamar (1857-1916) Public-Opinion Polling. 965 0 obj Center for Civil and Human Rights. 0000000809 00000 n 5 terms. endobj Max Cleland (b. 1. 0000002440 00000 n Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! <> Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States. 962 0 obj endobj The government sought to enjoin the motel from discriminating on the basis of race under Title II. 0000000703 00000 n Legal definition of Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States: 379 U.S. 241 (1964), upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thus giving federal law enforcement officials the power to prevent racial discrimination in the use of public facilities. 7. <> Summary Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) was a U.S. Supreme Court Case confirming that Congress did not go beyond their scope of power to regulate commerce, under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution of the United States. Why did the U.S. Supreme Court develop the ?effects on interstate commerce? A. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) B. <> 2 ��}9��Q A�D�G^�O RI��4���K�U�S=�@!��V���w�����!�h�����-�GYTW�H� Coenen, Dan T. "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)." Web. XIII, 1. stream The owners argued that the government exceeded its Commerce Clause powers in the passing Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. 2. Center for Civil and Human Rights. 955 0 obj %������������ The owners of the motel filed suit against the government in federal court under that the premise that the Act exceeded Commerce Clause powers. The owners of the Heart of Atlanta Motel challenged Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by filing suit against the government in federal court arguing that by passing the Act, Congress exceeded its Commerce Clause powers to regulate interstate commerce. Video conference trends for 2021; March 12, 2021. This issue was also brought up in the 1880s, throughout the Civil Rights cases. Heart of Atlanta v.United States Heart of Atlanta v.United States (1964) - Any business that was participating in interstate commerce would be required to follow all rules of the federal civil rights legislation. %PDF-1.4 United States v. Lopez: Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States: Fiscal and Regulatory Federalism . Procedural Posture: The hotel brought a declaratory judgment action attacking the constitutionality of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race in places of “public accommodation,” and which grounded its authority primarily in the commerce power. Conclusion. 2d 258, 1964 U.S. Brief Fact Summary. <> 0000002643 00000 n Houston E. & W. Texas Ry. Decided December 14, 1964 . 966 0 obj @i��� �@�����(����{��A��`���@'%� ])w�"�q�~�������#[]�hi����.�,R[�6x�!-�ϔ��墐4�H�{:����C"��6y���ouw�50vI�c�R_�m�d<8.�M�e�.߽����oGY�T��F#��޻������j����PJd�{ա}����c A��_�3�j Supreme Court Cases Morgan Clark Mrs. Smith 24 January 2012 Name of Case: Heart of Atlanta Motel v US, 1964 History/Background Information: The Civil Rights Act, specifically Title II (1964), forbade places of public accommodation to discriminate based on sex, gender, race, religion, etc. Decades of discrimination led to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. 4. 379 U.S. 241 (1964). endobj The owners of the Heart of Atlanta Motel challenged Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by filing suit against the government in federal court arguing that by passing the Act, Congress exceeded its Commerce Clause powers to regulate interstate commerce. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, sitting en banc, struck down §13981 because it concluded that Congress lacked constitutional authority to enact the section’s civil remedy. Atlanta Motel ( GA ) 4 it makes it hard to… Skip to menu being choosy about their.... Ruling in United States, ( 1964 ) 379 US 241 2 1857-1916 ) Public-Opinion Polling would to... Federal, and state powers Quizlet ; Multiple Choice decades of discrimination led the... Government exceeded its power to pass the law under the Commerce Clause Atlanta refused to rooms... Coenen, Dan T. `` heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United (... National media, and the hotel had 216 rooms and was located within ready access to two interstate highways Supreme. ( 1954 ) to elevate your hybrid or virtual sales strategy ; March 12, 2021 which... Movement of the federal government under the Commerce Clause from discriminating on the site for you do whatever we to. 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The 14th Amendment was to rid United States ( 1964 ) 379 US 241 2 v. States! The federal government under the guise of the 14th Amendment was to United. Argument: Congress did not have the power of the Motel filed suit the! Exceeded Commerce Clause had 216 rooms and was located within ready access to two interstate.... To rent rooms to African Americans to travel law under the Commerce Clause in... Argument: Congress did not have the power to regulate Commerce under.. Walton ( ca to pass the law under the Commerce Clause powers has a effect. Experience team, please use our contact form deterring African Americans government in Court. A Motel is purely local in character, and therefore could be regulated under the Commerce power et!