The consistency of this extremely diverse set of phenotypic changes in domesticated mammals presents a major puzzle, as Darwin recognized. en 2013[29] traite justement de l’avantage sélectif dont bénéficient les chiens par leurs expressions faciales pédomorphiques. As the brief review above makes clear, the main morphological components of the DS can all be explained by the derivation of the affected tissues from neural crest. Here, we propose that the domestication syndrome results predominantly from mild neural crest cell deficits … In chick embryos, ablation of CNCCs from the neural tube posterior to the future telencephalon causes failure of development of major parts of the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon (Etchevers et al. Development of the vertebrate ear: insights from knockouts and mutants. Explaining domestication syndrome Wilkins and colleagues now propose a hypothesis that links the development of the neural crest with the body changes that accompany domestication. MITF: a stream flowing for pigment cells. British anthropologist and Harvard University researcher Richard Wrangham also talks about this concept of domestication syndrome to refer to the fact that humans exhibit a number of biological characteristics more typical of pets than wild animals. In herbaceous plants, increases in leaf and whole-plant size are observed (Milla and Morente-López, 2014). (Both Treacher Collins and Mowat-Wilson sydromes are characterized by absent, reduced, or malformed ears). Crockford, S. J., 2004 Animal domestication and vertebrate speciation: a paradigm for the Origin of Species. Il attribue majoritairement cette caractéristique à des phénomènes environnementaux; le fait d'avoir des régimes alimentaires particuliers aurait un effet sur le phénotype des organismes considérés. Effects of Pax3 modifier genes on craniofacial morphology, pigmentation, and viability: a murine model of Waardenburg syndrome variation. Floppy ears are a component of the DS seen in one or more breeds of nearly every domesticated species while, in contrast, the only wild mammals with floppy ears are elephants (Darwin 1875). Thank you for sharing this Genetics article. Such conditions have long been known, and are given the generic designation “neurocristopathies” in medicine (Bolande 1974). The behavioral endocrinology of domestication: a comparison between the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) and its wild ancestor, the cavy (Cavia aperea). In experimentally domesticated foxes and rats, the adrenal glands are smaller than in their unselected counterparts. In Figure 1, we indicate schematically the body sites affected in the DS and the routes of migration of NCCs. Le syndrome de domestication fait référence à un ensemble de traits morphologiques, physiologiques et comportementaux héréditaires présents dans un ensemble d'espèces domestiquées mais absents chez leurs variantes sauvages respectives. The EJC component Magoh regulates proliferation and expansion of neural crest-derived melanocytes. This signal is a key developmental inducer of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the neural crest. Des différences de méthylation de certains gènes dans le thalamus/hypothalamus pourraient expliquer la perte de la peur envers l'humain et une augmentation de la docilité chez les espèces domestiquées [12]. Domestication thus consistently leads to a reduction in the peripheral physiological reaction to stressful stimuli or situations, which has a direct and immediate effect on tameness by reducing fearful reactivity. This is an interesting idea since it is true that hybridization can create novel properties, but it still does not explain why the particular traits of the DS and not others are seen in multiple species. Another possibility involves the role of the pineal gland, a neural plate derivative that has not been thought to be NCC derived. One of them, for example, is the very low rate of face-to-face aggression that we exhibit. Experimental domestication studies in foxes, rats, and mink clearly demonstrate that selection on tameness alone, a behavioral trait, can lead to the multiple correlated morphological changes of the DS discussed above (Belyaev 1974; Trut 1999). As we have shown, most of these morphological traits can be causally linked to reductions in neural crest function. The star apple or caimito tree (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) is cultivated throughout the New World tropics for its edible fruits. Les traits phénotypiques caractérisant les espèces domestiques étant relativement universels, la diversité de ces premiers reste importante tenant compte de l'actualité relative du processus. In Figure 2, we summarize our proposal, depicting the routes by which those deficits can lead to the different traits of the syndrome. Darwin is credited for the discovery of the domestication syndrome. Néanmoins, il est plus remarquable de noter que Darwin décrit aussi, parmi cette grande variabilité de formes, une série de caractères analogues pas observables chez les ancêtres sauvages des espèces étudiées. Pigmentation changes from wild type are one of the most striking and consistent changes during domestication. Most of the modified traits, both morphological and physiological, can be readily explained as direct consequences of such deficiencies, while other traits are explicable as indirect consequences. Of course, the small external ears of humans and rodents provide imperfect models for the elongated, erect ears of most carnivores and artiodactyls, and thus the biomechanical aspect of our explanation remains somewhat speculative. Compte tenu de ces informations, des changements de comportement dans la migration des cellules de la crête neurale auraient ainsi un effet direct ou indirect sur les structures dérivant de celles-ci, et donc un effet sur la couleur du pelage, le cerveau ou les dents, structures atteintes par le syndrome de domestication [4]. a domestication syndrome: Distinctive fruit and seed characteristics that are typically associated with domestication relative to wild phenotypes growing in the same region. Specifically, because the effects of the HPG axis on the female reproductive system are largely inhibitory (Hoehn and Marieb 2007), diminished functioning of the HPG axis would be expected to produce the DS-associated traits of accelerated reproductive maturation and reduced interbirth intervals. With respect to the DS, the most convincing evidence for an involvement of epigenetic effects concerns the “Star gene” in foxes, proposed by Belyaev to explain the initial appearance of a white forehead patch early in development of the DS. 2009, 2011; Kukekova et al. Ce mouvement favoriserait ainsi d’autant plus l’intention de s’investir autant chez les enfants humains que chez les chiens présentant ces caractères. Importantly, however particularly important discussion, see Belyaev ( 1969 ), many which. 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