Each performer tries to create a piece of art, not only for God, but also for the whole community. For more on Wood, see Jack C. Lane, “Leonard Wood,” American National Biography, vol. /tiles/non-collection/A/APA_essay1_50_HaroldKnutson_HC.xml, United States House of Representatives: History, Art, & Archives, Origins & Development: From the Constitution to the Modern House, Joint Meetings, Joint Sessions, & Inaugurations, Presidents, Vice Presidents, & Coinciding Sessions of Congress, Individuals Who Have Lain in State or Honor, Foreign Leaders and Dignitaries Who Have Addressed the U.S. Congress, Calendars of the House of Representatives, Search Historical Highlights of the House, Chief Administrative Officers of the House, John W. McCormack Annual Award of Excellence to Congressional Employees, House Members Who Became U.S. Supreme Court Justices, House Members Who Received Electoral College Votes, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Congress, Jeannette Rankin’s Historic Election: A Century of Women in Congress, Joseph H. Rainey: 150 Years of Black Americans Elected to Congress, Campaign Collectibles: Running for Congress, Electronic Technology in the House of Representatives, The People’s House: A Guide to Its History, Spaces, and Traditions, An Annual Outing: The Congressional Baseball Game, Florence Kahn: Congressional Widow to Trailblazing Lawmaker, Mace of the U.S. House of Represen- tatives, The Long Struggle for Representation: Oral Histories of African Americans in Congress, National History Day 2021: Communication in History, Time for a Tour: Visiting the People’s House, Researching the House: Other Primary Sources, https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/. 170Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs, Providing for the Rehabilitation of the Philippine Islands, 79th Cong., 1st sess., S. Rept. To rise up a question, if something is “authentic” or “polluted”, is supposed to mean, that someone is able to set up the intransgressible features of a particular culture. 456 (1934); Congressional Record, House, 73rd Cong., 2nd sess. IN THE FIELD OF ARTS… With the arrival of the new colonial power came a shift in art patronage – from the native ilustrados to the Americans. What surprises even more, is the fact that we may find people, who think that their “mestizo look” can destine their artistic career per se.4. Lawmakers, backed by a negative propaganda campaign designed to curb Philippine autonomy and led largely by U.S. business interests, remained committed to maintaining American control over the islands.141, As a coalition of U.S. industries and interest groups pushed to limit both Philippine trade and Philippine immigration in order to protect struggling markets at home, Congress responded by drafting a measure that granted the Philippines its independence after a relatively brief transition period. Her Ph.D. dissertation considers eroticism as an aesthetic in contemporary art and culture. See also David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970); Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900 (New York: Crowell, 1975): 139–140; Gould, Presidency of William McKinley: 146, 150. Sugar refineries in the Philippines processed the territory’s sugarcane and prepared it for export. Unlike the GOP, which saw huge economic possibilities in the Philippines but believed the territory needed to be carefully tutored in self-government, the Democratic Party had been on the record since 1900 as being firmly against acquiring the Philippines. The law replaced the governor general with an American high commissioner, and it changed how the Philippines was represented on the Hill. 128 (1946). 151Brands, Bound to Empire: 170; Golay, Face of Empire: 360, 362–364; Friend, Between Two Empires: 157–158. 36However, the PETA’s educational impact in contemporary Filipino culture is incontrovertible, in the context of this particular article the question of the individual identity of those artists, who created their performances in Dulaang Rajah Sulayman, or later in the PETA Theater Center,23 should be risen up. Like Taft and McKinley before him, Harding sent a fact-finding mission to assess the “fitness” of the Philippines for self-rule. It was virtually the same spot where Spain opened fire on Dewey’s warships in 1898 that began the Philippines’ nearly 50-year history as an American colony. There was a widespread belief in the Philippines, which Quezon shared, that Japan’s successful invasion stemmed directly from America’s failure to fortify the territory’s defenses. To do so, however, Japan needed to eliminate the U.S. forces based in the Philippines. Sir Anril Pineda Tiatco, Situating Philippine Theatricality in Asia. 9135 that promised to help the Philippines make up lost revenue once the new tariffs went into place.111 Although Ocampo and Legarda disagreed about the new bill, the House passed the standalone Philippine tariff on May 24, 1909, and the Senate cleared it in July.112 On August 2, the conference report for the Philippine trade bill was quickly approved, and a deeply satisfied Taft signed it into law three days later.113, “For decades,” Abelarde observed in 1947, a year after the Philippines became independent, “the Filipinos had been repeatedly advised with paternal solicitude to be more material-minded and devote more serious attention to their country’s economic development.”116 As it turned out, that development often came in the form of one-dimensional commerce. When the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898, Spain sold the entire Philippine archipelago to the United States for $20 million. 70Stanley, A Nation in the Making: 55; Brands, Bound to Empire: 50, 51, 53, 60. 545 (1916). An Inquiry into the American Colonial Mentality, Urbana, Chicago 1986. the fall of Marcos government. Confirmed in October 1921, Wood maintained cordial relations with Filipinos, but he soon ran afoul of insular politicians while navigating the shoals of a pitched political battle between Manuel Quezon, president of the Philippine senate, and Philippine assembly speaker Sergio Osmeña. It was the time of the fight for national independence and in the same way the beginning of contemporary discussion on postcolonial Filipino identity. The Filipino contemporary culture (in this case also theatre) can be seen as a great example for anyone who would like to speak about the postcolonial identity of the nation. 15 Pamela Del Rosario Castrillo, Philippine Political Theater: 1946-1985, «Philippine Studies», 4 1994, p. 532. 456 (1934); Golay, Face of Empire: 320–327, 343. The crux of his new plan would swap the U.S.-backed Philippine commission for a popularly elected territorial senate, giving the Philippine people more control over their government but likely delaying independence until at least the 1930s.122, During House debate on the bill in the fall of 1914, the Resident Commissioner framed the struggle in the Philippines much like America’s own past: “Remember how your forefathers felt when they were as we are now struggling for freedom,” Quezon asked.125 The bill passed, but died in the Senate when a small group of Senators threatened to filibuster the preamble’s “stable” government clause.126, Despite the setback, Quezon had laid a solid foundation after years of work on the issue, and when the 64th Congress (1915–1917) opened, the Philippine government bill was the first piece of legislation offered in the House on the first day of the new Congress (H.R. , 1790–1920, ” legislative Studies Quarterly 11, no believed that low tariffs would trade... 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